Leading Tours since 1987

Carajás in eastern Amazonian Brazil has, as yet, been visited by rather few birding groups, despite a large bird list that exceeds 575 species, and, unlike most birding trips, this tour is notable for the fact that we spent almost the entire trip at a single location, offering a welcome break from the typical change of location every few days common to most trips. We added several species to the Carajás list during our stay and others will undoubtedly follow as more birders discover what an excellent area this is. Doubtless the area will become a major destination for birders in the coming years.

When faced with a long list of great birds seen during a tour it is often difficult to pick out the main highlights and this is certainly the case here. Personally, mine included great views of Guianan Red Cotinga, plus other Cotingidae such as Purple-breasted, White-tailed and Spangled Cotingas, and White-browed Purpletuft. The rather infrequently seen Black-chested Tyrant is reliably found only at Carajás and we had great views of this gem of a bird. We also enjoyed our encounters with Bare-faced Curassow, Red-throated Piping-guan, White-crested Guan and especially Dark-winged Trumpeters. In the forest undergrowth we teased out Chestnut-belted and Black-bellied Gnateaters, Black-spotted Bare-eye and a multitude of other antbirds. Other particularly enjoyable species included four species of macaw, Chestnut-throated Spinetail, Black-and-white Tody-tyrant, Ash-throated Casiornis, Blackish Pewee, Great Jacamar, Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak, Black-faced Dacnis and Rose-breasted Chat.

Apart from birds, Carajás also offers opportunities to see some interesting mammals. Red-handed Howler Monkeys were recorded almost daily, numbering several entertaining encounters with small groups, even in the town square. Brown Capuchin, Squirrel Monkey and Red-rumped Agouti were also enjoyed. Best of all though were our encounters with Brazilian Tapir, including one particularly memorable sighting on the road early one morning, a brief view of a Jaguar before it headed off the road into the forest, and a Jaguarundi seen by Marion and Christine.

During our trip we encountered 376 species. Of these 11 were seen only by the leader, whilst a further 21 were heard only.

September 1st: Journey to Brasilia

After meeting at London we boarded an Air Portugal flight bound for Lisbon with a connection to Brasilia. A surprisingly eventful flight demonstrated the extent to which some clients might go to in order to grab the attention of the leader, the rest of the group and the cabin crew. It did allow us to jump the queues for our connecting flight from Lisbon to Brasilia and then the immigration queues at Brasilia. However, we were nevertheless relieved to arrive in Brasilia and the comfort of our hotel for the night, and this leader would prefer a less eventful flight next time.

September 2nd: Flight from Brasilia to Maraba. Travel to Parauapebas. Trail along Rio Parauapebas.

Weather: Hot and humid.

A leisurely start to the day began with a medical check for one member of the group, whilst others managed some birding in the car park of our hotel. Birds noted here included Bananaquit, Swallow-tailed Hummingbird, Chalk-browed Mockingbird, Grey-breasted Martin and Rufous Hornero. The journey to the airport added Southern Lapwing and Burrowing Owl, whilst Buff-necked Ibis could be seen as we taxied to the runway.

Our flight to Marabá proceeded smoothly and we arrived on schedule around lunchtime. A Greater Yellow-headed Vulture was at the airport on arrival. We headed into town to grab some lunch at a restaurant close to the river (where Short-tailed Swifts were noted) before heading off in the direction of our final destination, Parauapebas. Along the way we made occasional stops for birds. Our journey took us through a rather depressing landscape of agricultural fields, where once (quite recently) some wonderful forest would have stood. The bird highlights of the journey were sightings of Horned Screamers on a couple of occasions. Flocks of Turkey and American Black Vultures cruised overhead. A Savanna Hawk was perched in the top of a tree and small pools held Wattled Jacana, Southern Lapwing and Striated Heron. Great Kiskadees and Tropical Kingbirds were a regular sight.

We arrived in Parauapebas in the late afternoon and we quickly checked into the simple and friendly hotel that was to be our home for the next 10 days or so. Eager to get some birding done we made the short journey to the edge of town and walked a wide trail through the riverside forest alongside the Rio Parauapebas. Highlights of the next hour or so included Black-fronted Nunbird, a smart and obliging Black-faced Antbird, Black-necked Aracari, fine scope views of Red-fan Parrot, Bright-rumped Attila and Olivaceous Woodcreeper.

September 3rd: Morning spent along the Rio Parauapebas trail. Afternoon along a trail near Carajás airport.

Weather: Hot and humid. A few spots of rain around midday.

We spent the morning birding along the same trail as the previous evening. Never overwhelming, we nevertheless enjoyed a steady flow of great birds, making this a fine way to ease ourselves into our birding in this unfamiliar place. On arriving we noted Roadside Hawk and heard a Cinereous Tinamou. Early highlights of our walk included a good display from 2 Point-tailed Palmcreepers, 2 very obliging Cinereous Antshrikes, prolonged scope views of a stunning Bluish-necked Jacamar, White-browed Purpletuft, Yellow-olive Flycatcher and White-lored Euphonia. In a clearing a small feeding flock contained Tropical Kingbirds, Great Kiskadee, Silver-beaked Tanager, Squirrel Cuckoo, Streaked Flycatcher and, nearby, a Sulphury Flycatcher. By the river we found several Greater Yellow-headed Vultures and hirundines that included Southern Rough-wing. After the trail narrowed we stopped at a regular location for the relatively little-known and infrequently seen Black-chested Tyrant. Soon we had all had at least a glimpse of this once near-mythical and stunningly attractive bird, and some of us had managed extended views. The return walk was quiet, but as is usually the case produced some additional good sightings, with White-throated Woodpecker, Yellow-breasted Flycatcher, an obliging Coraya Wren and a Brown Capuchin monkey providing sufficient entertainment for us all.

The afternoon session was spent along a circular trail through the forest near the airport. We enjoyed some cracking views of a pair Natterer’s Slaty-antshrike that reacted nicely to recordings. A group of Red-handed Howler Monkeys obliged us as they moved through the trees and a smart Gould’s Toucanet put on a good show, performing its strange bowing displayed in a tree. A Lineated Woodpecker, Grey Hawk, Amazonian Swift, Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift, Spangled Cotinga and a number of hummingbirds were the supporting cast, and provide a very pleasant end to an absorbing first full day in the field.

September 4th: Águas Claras Trail, Esteril Sul Reservoir

Weather: Hot, sunny and humid.

We began the day by heading to a trail through the forest at Águas Claras. On the drive to the trail we paused to enjoy excellent views of Bare-faced Curassow by the roadside. Another roadside stop produced Yellow-tufted Woodpecker, Lettered Aracari, Double-collared Seedeater and Long-tailed Tyrant. We entered the trail soon after 7am surrounded by the calls of many Screaming Pihas, so loud you could barely hear yourself think. Our walk provided regular encounters with some great birds. The pretty Rose-breasted Chat and skulking Black-bellied and Chestnut-belted Gnateaters were early highlights. Other goodies included Eastern Long-tailed Hermit, White-fronted Nunbird, Crimson-crested Woodpecker, Plain-winged Antshrike, Pygmy Antwren, Plain-brown, Brigida’s and the only recently described Carajás Woodcreepers, the endemic Pará Foliage-gleaner, Ochre-bellied and Sulphur-rumped Flycatchers, Opal-crowned and Red-headed Manakins, and Red-billed Pied Tanager.

We took lunch in a restaurant in the nucleo at Carajás where Pale-breasted Thrush, Rufous-collared Sparrow, Palm Tanager and Great Kiskadee were among other visitors dining at the establishment. Overhead Plumbeous Kite and Pale-rumped and Short-tailed Swifts were seen.

In the afternoon we birded the road down to the Esteril Sul Reservoir. In scrubby vegetation we found White-fringed Antwren and Ash-throated Casiornis. Down by the reservoir we observed Least Grebe, Capped Heron and amongst a flock of Cattle Egrets a single Snowy Egret, perhaps remarkably a new bird for Carajás. A Ringed Kingfisher and White-winged Swallow were also seen, whilst large numbers of Grey-breasted Martins congregated in the trees by the reservoir. A walk along the edge of the reservoir produced Little Chachalaca, the widespread but extremely local Blackish Pewee (another species for which Carajás is probably the best place in the world to find it) and a Blue-chinned Sapphire.

September 5th: Upper Salobo road, Esteril Sul.

Weather: Hot and sunny.

Our day started with some early problems with our vehicle. Fortunately these were right by the hotel and not in some far-flung piece of forest, so it was not long before had it replaced and were on our way to our first birding site and in the field by 7.30am. We made a roadside stop where we located Yellow-headed Parrot, Hellmayr’s Parakeet, a superb male Spangled Cotinga, White-browed Purpletuft and Swallow-wing, We birded a piece of the canga along the upper Salobo road before heading into some forest. The canga was rather slow, but interesting birds included King Vulture.

Continuing from the canga, the road ran through some forest and here we found a skulking Striped Cuckoo, Guira Tanagers, a showy male White-tailed Cotinga, another male Spangled Cotinga and Green Honeycreeper. Along a trail into the forest we found little of interest, but after returning to the road we heard a rustling in the leaf litter that betrayed the presence of Marbled Wood-quail. Sadly they scuttled off into the undergrowth before everyone had enjoyed good views. However, we were soon distracted from this disappointment when we heard the calls of Dark-winged Trumpeters close to the trail we had so recently left. Returning to the trail and following a game of hide-and-seek, we eventually obtained reasonable views of this most special bird. After returning to the road we were soon called back to watch the whole flock of eight birds walk one by one across the path. Fantastic! On the other side of the road a further 4 birds were found. Back on the road itself we found a feeding flock that included Grey Antwren, Carajás Woodcreeper and Rufous-bellied Euphonia.

In the afternoon we again spent some time birding the road at Esteril Sul. Here we enjoyed a Short-tailed Hawk overhead, whilst Squirrel Monkeys were in nearby trees. In the woodland we saw White-fronted Nunbird, Rufous-winged Antwren, Yellow-margined Flycatcher, Fuscous Flycatcher, another Ash-throated Casiornis and Flame-crested Tanager. Sadly a Yellow-throated Woodpecker did not linger, but two Bluish-necked Jacamars concluded another interesting day in Carajás.

September 6th: Aguas Claras road, Salobo Canga

Weather: Hot and sunny.

Our first target this morning was to try and see Guianan Red Cotinga in an area where a lek had recently been found. Within 20 minutes of arrival we had all enjoyed scope views of this stunning gem of a bird. Unfortunately, the rest of the morning failed to live up to the high standards set by this excellent start, although of course we managed to find quite a number of interesting birds. We saw our first Screaming Pihas – a classic case of the better the song, the drabber the bird. Some members of the group who had missed it previously were pleased to catch up with Black-bellied Gnateater. Other good birds during the morning included White-throated Woodpecker, Plain-brown Woodcreeper, Spix’s Woodcreeper (the form here might be better regarded as a separate species), Pará Foliage-gleaner, Coraya Wren, White Hawk, White-crested Guan and Ruddy Quail-dove. Sadly a Brazilian Tapir rustling in the bushes and seen by me sloped off deeper into the forest and was not seen by the group.

In the afternoon we visited a marshy area in the Salobo canga. Grassland Sparrow, Red-breasted Blackbird, the first White-tailed Kite for Carajás, Great Black Hawk and Southern Caracara were among the first birds we found here. A Solitary Sandpiper and an adult American Golden Plover were on the edge of the marsh, and a territorial pair of Southern Lapwings had at least 2 young. Fork-tailed Flycatchers, Lesser Kiskadee, Yellow-chinned Spinetail were also out in the marsh and in the nearby scrub we found Rusty-margined Flycatcher, Sooty-throated Spinetail and Black-faced Tanager. This had been a pleasant break from constant craning of our necks to peer up into the canopy or searching the undergrowth for skulkers!

September 7th: Morning spent along the Rio Parauapebas trail. Afternoon along a trail near Carajás airport.

Weather: Overcast in morning with a heavy shower, then hot and humid.

Our day began in slightly cooler overcast conditions along the Rio Parauapebas trail. Guy and Gill headed straight to the Black-chested Tyrant territory as Gill had missed this previously. Marion, Chris and I took a slightly more leisurely walk and saw Red-necked Woodpecker and Red-throated Caracara en-route. Gill and Guy safely secured Black-chested Tyrant. Slowly birding our way back to the car we enjoyed a flow of good birds including Amazonian and Glossy Antshrikes, Greater Ani, Red-stained Woodpecker, Cinnamon Attila, Chestnut-vented Conebill, Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet and Slender-footed Tyrannulet. Sadly heavy rain intervened and we were soon walking briskly back to the vehicle, by which time we resembled a bunch of drowned rats! Back to the nearby hotel then, to dry out and have coffee and cake! Most welcome. Returning to the field for the late morning, it was much hotter and very humid and we found rather few birds.

After lunch we again tried the circular trail near the airport. A productive session produced a number of good birds and we did not complete the circuit as the number of birds prevented us from making much progress! A feeding flock kept us busy for quite a while. Herein we found Flame-crested Tanager, a much-wanted Sharpbill, Red-necked Woodpecker, Straight-billed Woodcreeper and Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner. Best of all, though, was a great performance by a Rufous-capped Antthrush showing well as it walked through the leaf-litter, looking a little like a small crake. A cracking way to end the day.

September 8th: Salobo road and Granite mine road.

Weather: Overcast morning, then hot and sunny in the afternoon.

Today our destination was the Salobo road. We never walked very far as the bird interest was excellent and there was plenty to keep us occupied. Early good birds included Black-faced Antbird, Masked Tanager, White-vented Euphonia and an obliging Laughing Falcon. A Blue-black Grosbeak taunted us from cover and refused to show. Continuing down the road we found a pair of calling Grey Antbirds that were lured down from their high-rise home in a dense tangle of leafy vines way up in a tree. Red-throated Piping-guan was seen feeding in a tree, before flying off across the road. Little Woodpecker, Black-tailed Tityra, Cinereous Becard and Rose-breasted Chat were all enjoyed in a small area nearby. Thrush-like Wrens performed well for us, calling high in the treetops in response to a recording. A short diversion down a trail into the forest produced the desired effect with good views of Black-and-white Tody-tyrant, whilst Plain-throated Antwren moved through the undergrowth. Other good sightings included Purple-breasted Cotinga and Striolated Puffbird.

After our regular lunch-stop at the ‘Biscuit’ restaurant in the nucleo, the afternoon was spent exploring the road to the granite mine. Here we enjoyed some interesting species that included White Hawk, Blue Dacnis, Golden-winged Parakeet and White-winged Swallow. A Rufous-tailed Jacamar was seen well with a Yellow-bellied Elaenia also nearby. We had fun scrutinising the swifts feeding around the clearing, identifying Band-rumped, Pale-rumped, Sooty and Amazonian. As we began our journey back to the hotel, we paused for excellent scope views of another superlative male Purple-breasted Cotinga and then an immature male White Bellbird; a splendid way to end a fine day.

September 9th: Pojuca, Salobo canga

Weather: Hot, humid and sunny.

An excellent day began with another early start and a slightly longer than usual drive to get to our chosen area for the morning. The effort was well worth it! An early sign of what was to be an excellent day came in the form of a Brazilian Tapir initially on the road, then seen very well from the bus in the forest edge; a wonderful way in which to start the day. A little further along the road we stopped for Amazonian Razor-billed Curassow, but this was less obliging. Compensation came in the form of a Red-throated Piping-guan in nearby trees. Chestnut-fronted Macaws flying overhead were also new. On reaching the trail at Pojuca, the birds kept on coming thick and fast and it took us an hour and a half to move just 50 metres or so. A Peruvian Recurvebill tantalised in the dense tangles of vines, but most of us got at least some kind of a view. A smart and quite showy White-browed Antbird was lured into view, whilst a Fiery-capped Manakin was rather less co-operative. A feeding flock contained a number of now increasingly familiar species, but Black-banded Woodcreeper was an addition to our ever-growing list. A little further along the trail we heard Black-faced Antthrush and some of us managed to get views of this species. A distant raptor perched in a tree proved to be an immature Black-faced Hawk, a rare and quite poorly known species not previously recorded at Carajás, and still known from very few localities south of the Amazon. New flycatchers for the list involved Grey-crowned and Dusky-chested. Returning along the trail to the bus we paused for a Great Jacamar, with a Chestnut Woodpecker nearby also obliging us. Just before lunch we travelled in the van to a jacamar stakeout. On the way a large cat walking down the road towards the bus before heading into the forest proved to be a Jaguar – an amazing stroke of luck! On arrival at our stakeout for jacamars, we enjoyed both Paradise and Brown with excellent views obtained.

A picnic lunch was taken in the forest and after a short siesta we walked to a forest pool, passing a huge toad on the way, where we found a small group of Hoatzins; a bird much desired by at least one member of the group. On returning to the bus, we were called back for our first Scarlet Macaws of the trip. These were scoped up as they perched high up in a tree looking down at us. Wonderful.

Beginning the journey back to the hotel, we made various roadside stops. One such stop was notable for an Orange-breasted Falcon, which although distant was well received. A Long-tailed Tyrant performed for the digiscoper. More Scarlet Macaws were noted flying past and we continued to an area of canga. Here we found Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant, Flavescent Warbler and an obliging Rufous-winged Antshrike, which gave good views at close range. A short walk to a viewpoint overlooking the nearby forest allowed us to enjoy some rather distant adult White Bellbirds; a wonderful way in which to end what had been the best day of the trip so far.

September 10th: Salobo Road, Águas Claras.

Weather: Hot and sunny, but increasing cloud in the afternoon and a few spots of rain.

A somewhat slower day than yesterday began in the canga along the Salobo road. Early birds included Scaled Pigeon, Red-eyed Vireo, a small flock of Black-faced and Blue Dacnis, flyover Jandaya Parakeets, White-backed Fire-eyes at an ant swarm, White-bearded Hermit, and Black-banded and Spot-throated Woodcreepers. White Hawks and King Vulture were seen flying overhead. A visit to a stakeout for Banded Antbird proved fruitless, so we birded another stretch of road hoping for some good species. Things turned out to be a bit slow here too, but we were still able to enjoy Bluish-cheeked Jacamar, a Short-tailed Pygmy-tyrant nest-building, a female White-tailed Cotinga and a Versicoloured Emerald. With the birding rather slow we elected to take an early lunch.

After lunch we visited the Águas Claras area again. Here we managed to find and see well in the scope a Dwarf Tyrant-manakin. Red-necked Woodpecker and a number of tanagers were also seen, along with Violaceous and White-lored Euphonias. Things were however still hard going and with rain clouds threatening we decided to slowly return towards the hotel making occasional birding stops on the way. The last of these stops was the most productive with a White Hawk seen perched and then a Red-crested Finch popped up – another new bird for the Carajás area. The last bird of the day was a couple of Mealy Parrots.

September 11th: Pojuca, Salobo Canga

Weather: Hot, humid and sunny.

Today we revisited the excellent trail at Pojuca. We again had a great time here, with many excellent encounters with some good birds. On arrival we enjoyed Yellow-olive Flycatchers and a singing Black-faced Antthrush, whilst Black-and-white Tody-tyrant and Slate-coloured Grosbeak were nearby. Our morning walking the trail was punctuated by interesting finds at regular intervals, with highlights including Chestnut Woodpecker, Striolated and Pied Puffbirds, White-eyed, Grey, White-flanked and Ornate Antwrens, Rufous-faced Antbird (a recent split from Spot-winged), Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner, Slender-billed Xenops, a delightful Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher, Dusky-capped Flycatcher, Cinereous, Green-backed and Pink-throated Becards, Rufous-browed Peppershrike, A Lesser Seed-finch was also new to our list and we saw another Rose-breasted Chat. Returning to the bus soon after midday, three of the endemic Pearly Parakeet enlivened our lunch stop.

After lunch and a rest period during the middle of the day we headed to the marshy area in the Salobo canga. Much the same species that had been present on our previous visit to this area were seen again, but we did add South American Snipe, Brown-chested Martin and Barn Swallow. We also enjoyed a good performance by a Bat Falcon, before deciding that we were very content with our day and decided to have a slightly earlier finish than usual.

September 12th: Águas Claras

Weather: Hot, humid and sunny.

Our destination today was a repeat visit to Águas Claras. We birded a section of road that was initially rather quiet. However, with persistence we started to find some interesting birds. A White-naped Jay gave us a bit of a run around before eventually giving itself up and offering nice views. White-bellied Parrot fed in a tree, whilst nearby a Blue-headed Parrot posed for the digiscopers. Small flocks included Long-billed Gnatwren, Natterer’s Slaty Antshrike, Spot-winged Antshrike, Spix’s Warbling Antbird and Green-backed Becard. A Greyish Mourner came in to the tape. Later a female White-tailed Cotinga appeared and then a Blackish Pewee was well seen. Walking downhill we paused for a Sharpbill, much wanted by some in the group. We also noted breeding behaviour by Dusky-chested Flycatcher, a species about which little is known of its breeding ecology.

As had become the norm, the afternoon was typically slow. A Red-headed Manakin taunted us, but compensation came in the form of extended scope views at close range of a Great Jacamar. Apart from that though, there was little to detain us, so we decided to head back to the hotel.

September 13th: Pojuca, Granite Mine Road

Weather: Hot, humid and sunny.

Our final full day at Carajás was spent along our favourite trail at Pojuca. White-crested Guan was seen well close to the road before reaching the trailhead. On arrival we could hear Peruvian Recurvebill, but despite much effort we failed to get a good view of this difficult species. Whilst the quest to get views of this was continuing, Gill and I had brief views of Fiery-capped Manakin. Walking the trail we encountered a number of notable species. Chestnut-throated Spinetail was a species that had previously always eluded Guy, but brief views of a spinetail in the undergrowth, followed by the judicious playing of the relevant recordings eventually provided us with excellent views of this fine bird. Other good finds included the difficult to find Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak high up in a Cecropia, a Gold-fronted Piculet amongst a small feeding flock, a singing White-fringed Antwren singing in the open and two Blue-and-yellow Macaws doing a flypast. A Sclater’s Antwren was seen quite well, the form occurring here having vocalisations unlike Sclater’s Antwrens elsewhere. The supporting cast included Plain Xenops, White-bellied Tody-tyrant, Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher, Chestnut-crowned and Green-backed Becard, Purple-throated Euphonia, and Swallow Tanager.

During the lunch period a feeding flock provided us with views of Rufous-rumped and Buff-throated Foliage-gleaners, whilst Marion and Christine saw a Jaguarundi. After lunch we revisited the Hoatzin stakeout, enjoying further views of this prehistoric looking bird. A White-thighed Swallow, Capped Heron and Least Grebe were also present. Our final stop of the day along the Granite Mine road was rather quiet, so we soon headed back to the hotel, a tired but extremely contented group.

September 14th: Rio Parauapebas trail. Travel to Marabá. Flight to Brasilia.

Weather: Hot, humid and sunny.

Guy and Gill spent the early morning birding the Rio Parauapebas trail, while Marion, Christine and I took the luxury of a lie in and a leisurely breakfast. Highlights of Guy and Gill’s walk were Grey-headed Kite, Black-tailed Trogon, Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper, both Waved and Ringed Woodpeckers responding well to the tape, an obliging Ruddy Spinetail, several Red-fan Parrots prospecting suitable nest sites, and a Forest Elaenia. Unfortunately, due to the tight schedule, both Short-billed Leaftosser and Scale-backed Antbirds remained heard only.

The journey to Marabá proceeded smoothly and we arrived in good time to have lunch before taking our onward flight to Brasilia.

September 15th: Brasilia National Park.

Weather: Hot, humid and sunny.

Our final morning birding was spent at the Brasilia National Park. Initially we had some fun and games trying to get into the park, being sent from one entrance to another. While Guy wrestled with the entrance formalities we noted Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Blue Dacnis, Scaled Dove and Southern Caracara. Although busy with local people visiting the swimming pool here, we enjoyed a fairly productive time. On arrival we heard and quickly lured in a Helmeted Manakin that showed very well. We then located our main target species, the Brazilian endemic White-striped Warbler, which also showed very well at close range to the delight of us all. Slowly birding a trail through some woodland we found a steady flow of interesting species that included Planalto Foliage-gleaner, Black-capped Antwren, Burnished-buff, Sayaca, Black-faced and Hooded Tanagers. In more open areas we noted small numbers of Blue-and-white Swallow. Soon it was time to head back to the hotel for lunch and then onwards to the airport, where we caught our flight to Lisbon and onwards to Heathrow, where the tour concluded.

For details of the full species list or to request further information about the next time we will be offering this trip. Contact us at enquiries@birdwatchingbreaks.com.